Basic English Learning Materials 3 - Bahasa Inggris 8

Basic English Learning Materials (Part 3)

1. Sentence Structure: The Building Blocks

A correct sentence in English must have at least a Subject (S) and a Verb (V). It must also express a complete thought.

A. Basic Word Order: The most common structure in English is S-V-O (Subject - Verb - Object).

• Subject (S): Who or what does the action. (e.g., I, You, The cat, They)

• Verb (V): The action or state of being. (e.g., eat, study, is, like)

• Object (O): Who or what receives the action. (e.g., an apple, English, happy)

Sentence Structure	Example
S + V	"Birds fly." "She smiled."
S + V + O	"I like pizza." "She plays the guitar."
S + V + Adjective	"He is tall." "The movie was boring."
S + V + Adverb	"She speaks quietly." "They arrived late."

B. Types of Sentences:

1. Simple Sentence: One independent clause (one complete thought).

   • "I study English."

   • "The cat slept on the sofa."

2. Compound Sentence: Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So).

   • "I wanted to go to the park, but it started to rain."

   • "She finished her work, so she went home."

3. Complex Sentence: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (a clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence). They are often joined by words like because, although, when, if, since, after.

   • "I was late because my alarm didn't go off."

   • "Although it was cold, we went for a walk."

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2. Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs do not form their simple past tense or past participle by adding *-ed*. They change their spelling. You must memorize them.

Here is a list of some of the most common and important irregular verbs:

Base Form (V1)	Simple Past (V2)	Past Participle (V3)	Meaning
be	was/were	been	adalah
become	became	become	menjadi
begin	began	begun	mulai
break	broke	broken	memecahkan
bring	brought	brought	membawa
build	built	built	membangun
buy	bought	bought	membeli
catch	caught	caught	menangkap
choose	chose	chosen	memilih
come	came	come	datang
do	did	done	melakukan
drink	drank	drunk	minum
drive	drove	driven	menyetir
eat	ate	eaten	makan
fall	fell	fallen	jatuh
feel	felt	felt	merasa
find	found	found	menemukan
fly	flew	flown	terbang
forget	forgot	forgotten	lupa
get	got	got/gotten	mendapatkan
give	gave	given	memberikan
go	went	gone	pergi
have	had	had	mempunyai
know	knew	known	tahu
leave	left	left	pergi/meninggalkan
make	made	made	membuat
meet	met	met	bertemu
pay	paid	paid	membayar
put	put	put	menaruh
read	read	read	membaca
run	ran	run	berlari
say	said	said	mengatakan
see	saw	seen	melihat
sell	sold	sold	menjual
send	sent	sent	mengirim
sing	sang	sung	menyanyi
sit	sat	sat	duduk
sleep	slept	slept	tidur
speak	spoke	spoken	berbicara
take	took	taken	mengambil
tell	told	told	memberitahu
think	thought	thought	berpikir
understand	understood	understood	mengerti
wear	wore	worn	memakai (baju)
write	wrote	written	menulis

How they are used:

• Simple Past (V2): For actions completely finished in the past.

  • "I ate breakfast at 7 AM." (Not ~~I eated~~)

• Past Participle (V3): Used with helpers like have/has/had (for perfect tenses) or be (for passive voice).

  • "I have seen that movie." (Present Perfect Tense)

  • "The window was broken." (Passive Voice)

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3. Transition Signals / Linking Words

Transition signals are words or phrases that connect ideas, sentences, and paragraphs. They help your writing and speech flow smoothly and logically.

Function	Transition Signals	Example
Adding Ideas	and, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition	"I like math. Furthermore, I enjoy physics."
Showing Contrast	but, however, although, even though, on the other hand	"It was raining. However, we still went out."
Showing Cause/Reason	because, since, as, due to	"I was tired because I didn't sleep well."
Showing Effect/Result	so, therefore, as a result, consequently	"It was cold, so I wore a jacket."
Showing Time/Sequence	first, then, next, after that, finally, meanwhile	First, boil the water. Then, add the pasta."
Giving Examples	for example, for instance, such as	"I like tropical fruits, such as mango and pineapple."
Summarizing/Concluding	in conclusion, to summarize, in summary, overall	"In conclusion, learning English requires practice."

Punctuation Tip:

• When a transition word connects two independent sentences, it is often followed by a comma (,).

• "The test was difficult. However, I passed."

• "I studied all night. Therefore, I was prepared."

PRESENSI

BuSet Agustus 20, 2025 Tags : Bahasa Inggris

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